Sexual orientation defines to whom a person is physically and romantically attracted. In the police reported data, a hate crime can be reported as being motivated by the hatred of a heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, or other sexual orientation. This category does not include crimes motivated by hatred towards transgender individuals, as those are collected under sex or gender identity. That being said, some victims of hate crimes based on sexual orientation may be transgender individuals targeted because of their perceived sexual orientation. From to , 31 hate crimes targeting transgender or asexual people were reported by police participating in the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey version 2.
In June , Bill C was adopted. In most incidents cleared otherwise in , charges were not laid due to departmental discretion including the use of warnings and cautions or because the complainant declined to proceed with charges. This is primarily due to very low clearance rates for mischief where it is difficult to identify a perpetrator. Hate crimes targeting religions, which are most often mischief, were less likely to be cleared. Once cleared, hate crimes based on race or ethnicity were more likely to result in a charge compared with other types of hate crimes.
Given the annual counts of hate-motivated crimes can be relatively small, the following sections on police-reported hate crime are based on detailed incidents from to in order to provide information on the characteristics of incidents, victims and accused persons.
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For all types of hate crimes, mischief accounted for the largest proportion of non-violent hate crimes. Where violent hate crimes occur is similar across the various types of police-reported hate crimes. The internet provides a platform for equal communication of beliefs and opinions by all users.
In comparison, these offences accounted for far fewer among non-cyber hate crimes. Both hate crimes and right-wing extremism are motivated by intense hate of perceived or real differences between themselves and others, be it race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or other identity Perry and Scrivens ; Stevkovski Unlike hate crime, there is no Criminal Code definition of extremism.
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According to recent Canadian research, that there are at minimum active right-wing extremist groups across Canada Perry and Scrivens Moonshot found that Ontario had the highest rate of far-right searches in Canada with almost 18 searches per , population Boutilier The intention is that the findings from this project will help inform local communities and practitioners about countering radicalization to violence in the online space and help expand the reach and impact of organizations in Canada that are creating positive content that provides an alternative to extremist content.
For all types of hate crimes, almost a third of victims reported by police between and were female. However, violent incidents targeting the Muslim and Aboriginal populations are more likely than other types of hate crimes to involve female victims. Among the victims of violent hate crimes targeting the Black population, the median age was also relatively young Victims of violent hate crimes targeting sexual orientation and Aboriginal peoples were also most likely to have sustained injury. These were cases, processed mostly in adult criminal courts, where the most serious charge in the case was either advocating genocide; public incitement and willful promotion of hatred; or mischief relating to religious property.
This increase is mainly due to an increase in hate crimes targeting the Muslim, Jewish and Black populations.
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Overall, crimes targeting the Jewish and Muslim populations were the most prevalent type of police-reported hate crimes in Canada. Non-violent crimes played a bigger role in the overall increase in hate crimes than did violent crimes. The increase in non-violent hate crimes was driven primarily by a rise in mischief-related offences. Overall, the most common type of hate crime is mischief.
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Although the majority of hate crimes are non-violent, analysis of characteristics of hate crimes reported to police between and suggest that hate-motivated crimes targeting sexual orientation, the South Asian and Arab and West Asian populations are more likely to be violent than non-violent. This multi-year analysis provides other insights into how hate crimes across various groups can differ. For instance, victims of violent hate crimes targeting sexual orientation and the Aboriginal population tend to be the youngest among hate crime victims and sustain the highest rate of injury.
Further, compared to other hate crime victims, victims of crimes targeting East and Southeast Asian population and the Muslim population were most likely to be victimized by strangers.
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In contrast, the rate of victimization by someone known was highest among victims of hate crimes targeting Black populations and sexual orientation. Currently, data from courts do not allow for an analysis of the use of sentencing provisions that take hate-motivation into account as an aggravating factor. There are currently a number of initiatives in place by police, various levels of government and non-government agencies to address and prevent hate crime in Canada.
Other options to enhance understanding of hate crimes and non-criminal hate incidents could include platforms for online reporting that reach the diverse sectors of Canada. It could also include research to fill certain gaps in information such as understanding the risk factor in offending and the impact of education and prevention initiatives. This is a microdata survey that captures detailed information on crimes reported to and substantiated by police, comprising the characteristics of victims, accused persons and incidents.
In response to changing information needs, the survey was modified in UCR 2. In the UCR Survey, police services can report up to four offences per incident. However, to conform to statistical reporting standards for this survey, only the most serious offence in an incident is used in this analysis. In , police services reporting to the UCR 2. A supplemental survey has been conducted each year since as a means of obtaining information on hate-motivated crimes from those police services reporting microdata but which had not yet converted their electronic reporting systems to the newest UCR 2.
These respondents were asked to identify those criminal incidents that had been motivated by hate and to manually provide aggregate counts of incidents by the detailed motivation to Statistics Canada. Additional information e. In , the municipal police service of Saint John was excluded due to poor data quality. Combined, coverage from UCR 2. The Oshawa census metropolitan area CMA is excluded from the analysis of hate crimes by CMA due to the incongruity between the police service jurisdictional boundaries and the CMA boundaries.
For the same reason, data from the Halton and Durham police services are also excluded. The exclusion of information from the Durham police affects coverage for Toronto. The UCR 2 Survey collects information on victims of violent crimes when they are identified in an incident. In , information on victims of violent offences was reported in hate crime incidents. It is not provided by police services reporting to the UCR 2.
UCR 2 also collects information about persons accused of hate crime. Allen, Mary. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. Boutilier, Alex. British Columbia Ministry of the Attorney General.
Police-reported hate crime in Canada, 2017
End Hate Crime: B. Hate Crime Team Roles and Responsibilities. Chongatera, Godfred.
Edmonton Police Service. Hate and Bias Crime. BC Hate Crimes. Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General. Perry, Barbara. Perry, Barbara and Scrivens, Ryan. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. Public Safety Canada. Funding Project Descriptions: Canada Redirect. National Strategy on Countering Radicalization to Violence.
Putnam, Robert. Statistics Canada. National Household Survey, Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity in Canada. The Daily. Stevkovski, Ljupcho. York Regional Police.
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All rights reserved. Please contact us and let us know how we can help you. Hate crimes accounted for less than 0. Hate crimes against all religions saw increases. The information is grouped by Year appearing as row headers , Number appearing as column headers. Year Number 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, Note: Information in this chart reflects data reported by police services covering The information is grouped by Most serious violation appearing as row headers , Percent appearing as column headers.
The information is grouped by Province appearing as row headers , and , calculated using rate per , population units of measure appearing as column headers. Province rate per , population Canada 3.