Several motions were made by Joey Smallwood a convention member who later served as the first provincial premier of Newfoundland [73] to examine joining Canada by sending a delegation to Ottawa.
Newfoundland and Labrador - Wikipedia
As most historians agree, the British government keenly wanted Confederation on the ballot and ensured it would be. Three main factions actively campaigned during the lead-up to the referenda. They campaigned through a newspaper known as The Confederate. Their newspaper was The Independent.
The first referendum took place on June 3, ; The official outcome of that referendum was After six of the delegation signed, the British government passed the British North America Act, through Parliament. Newfoundland officially joined Canada at midnight on March 31, As documents in British and Canadian archives became available in the s, it became clear Canada and the United Kingdom wanted Newfoundland to join Canada.
Some have charged it was a conspiracy to manoeuvre Newfoundland into Confederation in exchange for forgiveness of Britain's war debt and for other considerations. Following the referendum, there was a rumour the referendum had been narrowly won by the "responsible government" side, but the result had been fixed by the British governor. John's were burned by order of Herman William Quinton , one of only two commissioners who supported confederation. Newfoundland and Labrador has a population of ,, [1] more than half of whom live on the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland, site of the capital and historical early settlement.
In the census the population of the province decreased by 1. The largest single religious denomination by number of adherents according to the National Household Survey was the Roman Catholic Church, at The major Protestant denominations made up Non-Christians constituted only 6. According to the Canadian census , the largest ethnic group in Newfoundland and Labrador is English More than , Newfoundlanders have applied for membership in the Qalipu Mi'kmaq First Nation Band , equivalent to one-fifth of the total population.
Newfoundland English is any of several accents and dialects of English found in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador.
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Most of these differ substantially from the English commonly spoken elsewhere in neighbouring Canada and the North Atlantic. Many Newfoundland dialects are similar to the West Country dialects of the West Country in England, particularly the city of Bristol and counties Cornwall , Devon , Dorset , Hampshire and Somerset , while others resemble dialects of Ireland's southeast, particularly Waterford , Wexford , Kilkenny and Cork. Still others blend elements of both, and there is also a Scottish [90] influence on the dialects.
While the Scots came in smaller numbers than the English and Irish, they had a large influence on Newfoundland society. The Irish language is now extinct in Newfoundland. Scots Gaelic was also once spoken in the southwest of Newfoundland, following the settlement there, from the middle of the 19th century, of small numbers of Gaelic-speaking Scots from Cape Breton, Nova Scotia.
Some years later, the language has not entirely disappeared, although it has no fluent speakers. A vestigial community of French speakers exists on Newfoundland's Port au Port Peninsula ; a remnant of the " French Shore " along the island's west coast. Several aboriginal languages are spoken in the Province, representing the Algonquian Mi'kmaq and Innu and Eskimo-Aleut Inuktitut language families. For many years, Newfoundland and Labrador had experienced a depressed economy.
Following the collapse of the cod fishery during the early s, the province suffered record unemployment rates and the population decreased by roughly 60, The province has gained record surpluses, which has rid it of its status as a "have not" province. Economic growth, gross domestic product GDP , exports and employment resumed in , after suffering the impacts of the lates recession. Service industries accounted for the largest share of GDP, especially financial services, health care and public administration.
Other significant industries are mining, oil production and manufacturing.
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The total labour force in was , people. This will increase with the inclusion of the latest project, Hebron. Exploration for new reserves is ongoing. The value of newsprint exports varies greatly from year to year, depending on the global market price. Lumber is produced by numerous mills in Newfoundland. Apart from seafood processing, paper manufacture and oil refining , [] manufacturing in the province consists of smaller industries producing food, [] brewing and other beverage production. Oysters production is also expected to start in the province.
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Agriculture in Newfoundland is limited to areas south of St. Potatoes, rutabagas , turnips , carrots and cabbage are grown for local consumption. Poultry and eggs are also produced. Wild blueberries , partridgeberries lingonberries and bakeapples cloudberries are harvested commercially and used in jams and wine making. Tourism is also a significant contributor to the province's economy.
Newfoundland and Labrador is governed by a parliamentary government within the construct of constitutional monarchy ; the monarchy in Newfoundland and Labrador is the foundation of the executive, legislative , and judicial branches. The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in governance is limited; in practice, their use of the executive powers is directed by the Executive Council , a committee of ministers of the Crown responsible to the unicameral, elected House of Assembly. The Council is chosen and headed by the Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador , the head of government.
The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check. General elections must be called by the lieutenant governor on the second Tuesday in October four years after the previous election, or may be called earlier, on the advice of the premier, should the government lose a confidence vote in the legislature. However, in the provincial election the New Democratic Party , which had only ever attained minor success, had a major breakthrough and placed second in the popular vote behind the Progressive Conservatives.
Before , the visual arts were a minor aspect of Newfoundland cultural life, compared to the performing arts such as music or theatre. Until about , most art was the work of visiting artists, who included members of the Group of Seven , Rockwell Kent , and Eliot O'Hara. Artists such as Newfoundland-born Maurice Cullen and Robert Pilot travelled to Europe to study art in prominent ateliers.
By the turn of the 20th century, amateur art was made by people living and working in the province.
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These artists included J. Hayward and his son Thomas B. Goodridge , the last of whom worked on a number of mural commissions, notably one for the lobby of the Confederation Building in St.
After Newfoundland and Labrador joined Canada in , government grants fostered a supportive environment for visual artists, primarily painters. The visual arts of the province developed significantly in the second half of the century, with the return of young Newfoundland artists whom had studied abroad. Newfoundland-born painters Christopher Pratt and Mary Pratt painter returned to the province in to work at the newly established Memorial University Art Gallery as its first curator, later transitioning to painting full-time in Salmonier.
Wesleyville's David Blackwood graduated from the Ontario College of Art in the early s and achieved acclaim with his images of Newfoundland culture and history, though he no longer resides in the province. Newfoundland-born artist Gerald Squires returned in Michael's Printshop in the s and s attracted a number of visual artists to the province to teach and create art.
Similarly, the school in Hibb's Hole now Hibb's Cove , established by painter George Noseworthy , brought professional artists such as Anne Meredith Barry to the province. From to present, opportunities for artists continued to develop, as galleries such as the Art Gallery of Newfoundland and Labrador which later became The Rooms Provincial Art Gallery , the Resource Centre for the Arts , and Eastern Edge were established. Newfoundland and Labrador's arts community is recognized nationally and internationally.
The creation of Fogo Island Arts in on Fogo Island created a residency-based contemporary art program for artists, filmmakers, writers, musicians, curators, designers, and thinkers. As of , a study documented approximately 1, artists, representing 0. Newfoundland and Labrador has a folk musical heritage based on the Irish , English and Scottish traditions that were brought to its shores centuries ago. Though similar in its Celtic influence to neighbouring Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island , Newfoundland and Labrador are more Irish than Scottish, and have more elements imported from English and French music than those provinces.
John's Orchestra. A school of music at Memorial University schedules a variety of concerts and has a chamber orchestra and jazz band. A leading institution for research in ethnomusicology, the Centre offers academic lectures, scholarly residencies, conferences, symposia, and outreach activities to the province on music and culture.
The pre-confederation and current provincial anthem is the " Ode to Newfoundland ", written by British colonial governor Sir Charles Cavendish Boyle in during his administration of Newfoundland to It was adopted as the official Newfoundland anthem on May 20, In , the province re-adopted the song as an official provincial anthem, making this the only province in Canada to officially adopt an anthem.
Margaret Duley — was Newfoundland's first novelist to gain an international audience. Michael Crummey's debut novel, River Thieves , became a Canadian bestseller. Wayne Johnston's fiction deals primarily with the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, often in a historical setting. Lisa Moore's first two books, Degrees of Nakedness and Open , are short-story collections.
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Her first novel, Alligator , is set in St. John's and incorporates her Newfoundland heritage. The earliest works of poetry in British North America , mainly written by visitors and targeted at a European audience, described the new territories in optimistic terms. One of the first works was Robert Hayman's Quodlibets , a collection of verses composed in Newfoundland and published in Pratt described the struggle to make a living from the sea in poems about maritime life and the history of Canada.
In , his first commercial poetry collection, Newfoundland Verse , was released. The collection has humorous and sympathetic portraits of Newfoundland characters, and creates an elegiac mood in poems concerning sea tragedies or Great War losses. Canadian poet Don McKay has resided in St. John's in recent years. Playwrights across Canada began writing, and this explosion was also felt in Newfoundland and Labrador. Cahill's play went on to receive top honours and a performance at Expo 67 in Montreal. Newfoundland and Labrador's present provincial flag , designed by Newfoundland artist Christopher Pratt , was officially adopted by the legislature on May 28, , and first flown on "Discovery Day" that year.
The blue is meant to represent the sea, the white represents snow and ice, the red represents the efforts and struggles of the people, and the gold represents the confidence of Newfoundlanders and Labradorians.