Eunuchs, who served in the Ottoman Empire from the 16th to late 19th century [] and were commonly exiled to Egypt after their terms, [] where black eunuchs had served pre-Ottoman rulers as civil servants since the 10th century [] have sometimes been viewed as a kind of third gender or an alternative male gender.

In Kazakhstan , since , trans people who undergo sterilizing sex reassignment surgery can change gender on legal documents, but have few other rights. In Kyrgyzstan , especially since the drafting of discriminatory legislation in , trans people face widespread discrimination in access to work, and such severe and widespread violence that many move to Russia.

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Trans people also face harassment in Tajikistan , where reportedly just three reassignment surgeries were performed between and , [] and Turkmenistan , a repressive state notorious for violating human rights. Eunuchs who existed in China since years ago, were imperial servants by years ago, and were common as civil servants by the time of the Qin dynasty until a century ago [] [] have sometimes been viewed as a third sex, [] [] or a transgender practice, and Chinese histories have often expressed the relationship of a ruler to his officials in the terms of a male relationship to females.

Cross-gender behavior has long been common in Chinese theatre, especially in dan roles , since at least the Ming and Qing dynasties. In the mid s, after Yao Jinping's father went missing during the war with Japan, the year-old reported having lost all feminine traits and become a man and was said to have an Adam's apple and flattened breasts and left to find him; the event was widely reported on by the press.

In the s, doctors in Taiwan forced Xie Jianshun , an intersex man, to undergo male-to-female sex reassignment surgery; Taiwanese press compared the former soldier to Christine Jorgensen , who had sought out surgery, [] [] and the decade-long media frenzy over Xie led to increased coverage of intersex and transgender people in general.

In the s, transgender studies was established as an academic discipline. Transgender people are considered a "sexual minority" in China, [] where widespread transphobia means trans people face discrimination in accessing housing, education, work, and healthcare.

Historical documentation of male- and female-assigned transgender people is extensive, especially in the Edo period. Some, such as onnagata actor Yoshizawa Ayame I dressed, behaved and ate like women even outside the theatre. Outside the entertainment industry, however, trans people face stigma, and in Japan passed a law requiring trans people who want to change their gender marker to have sex reassignment surgery and be sterilized, be single, and have no children under age 20, which the supreme court upheld in Under the Khmer Rouge , Phnom Penh 's trans community was expelled or killed, and trans women and men were raped, jailed, or killed.

Indian texts from as early as years ago document a third gender, which has been connected to the hijras who have formed a category of third-gender or trans-feminine people on the Indian subcontinent since ancient times. The Buddhist Tipitaka , composed about years ago, documents four gender categories: female, male, pandaka , and ubhatobyanjanaka. Beginning in the s, the colonial authorities attempted to eliminate hijras, prohibiting their performances and transvestism.

In Hinduism, Ardhanarishvara , a half-male, half-female fusion of Shiva and Shakti , is one of several deities important to many hijras and transgender Hindus, [] [] and has been called an androgynous and transgender deity. The team had been the Indonesian national champions.

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Today, male-assigned people who adopt a feminine gender expression and are transgender or gay are termed bakla and sometimes considered a third gender. Singer and actress Helen Cruz was a prominent trans figure, especially in the s, and pioneer of Swardspeak.

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Some especially Thai scholars identify the third- and fourth genders documented in the Tipitaka with the kathoey , a third-gender category which was already a part of traditional Thai and Khmer culture by that the time that scripture was composed about years ago. The category of kathoey was historically open to male-assigned, female-assigned and intersex people. Thailand has become a center for performing sex reassignment surgery , and now performs more than any other country.

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Drawings and figures from around to years ago, depicting androgynous and genderless humans in domestic, religious and funerary settings, occur around the Mediterranean. Near what is today Prague , a burial from to years ago was found of a biologically male skeleton in a woman's outfit with feminine grave goods, which some archaeologists consider an early transgender burial. In Ancient Greece, Phrygia , and the Roman Republic and Empire, Cybele and Attis were worshiped by galli priests documented from around BCE to around CE [] who wore feminine clothes, referred to themselves as women, and often castrated themselves, [] [] and have therefore been seen as early transgender figures.

In Rome, cross-dressing was also practiced during Saturnalia , which some argue reinforced established gender identities by making such practices unacceptable outside that rite. Roman emperor Elagabalus b. In the s, Anastasia the Patrician fled life in the court of Justinian I in Constantinople to spend twenty-eight years until death dressed as a male monk in Egypt , [] coming to be viewed by some today as a transgender saint.

In , archaeologists found that the bones of a viking buried in Birka with masculine grave goods were female; some suggested the burial could be a trans man, but the original archaeologists said they did not want to apply a "modern" term and preferred to see the person as a woman. In , London authorities arrested a male-bodied sex worker in women's clothing who went by the name Eleanor Rykener.

A few medieval works explore female-to-male transformation and trans figures. But I shall describe by means of fiction the fact of my transformation" using the metaphor of Iphis and Ianthe [] a myth John Gower 's Iphis and Ianthe also took up , leading some modern scholars to also view Fortune ' s protagonist and Gower's as transgender. The gender, found among several national and religious groups in the Balkans including Muslims and Christians in Albania, Bosnia, Macedonia and Dalmatia , dates to at least the 15th century.

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Since , Belgians have the right to change legal gender without sterilization. Lili Elbe was a Danish trans woman and one of the first recipients of sex reassignment surgery. Denmark is also known for its role in the transition of American Christine Jorgensen , whose operations were performed in Copenhagen starting in In Denmark became the first country in the world to remove transgender identities from its list of disorders of mental health.

Herculine Barbin — was a French intersex individual assigned female at birth and raised as a girl. After a doctor's examination at age 22, Barbin was reassigned male, and legal papers followed declaring Barbin officially male. Barbin changed names to Abel Barbin, and wrote memoirs using female pronouns for the period before transition, and male pronouns thereafter, which were recovered following Barbin's suicide at age 30 and published in France in , and in English in In March , Tilloy-lez-Marchiennes elected—and in May, inaugurated— Marie Cau as mayor, making her the first openly transgender mayor in France.

Around 98 CE, at a time galli priests existed in Rome, Tacitus wrote that the priest of the Germanic Nahanarvali tribe also wore women's clothes. In the early s, transgender people became a subject of popular interest in Germany, covered by several biographies and the sympathetic liberal press in Berlin. Magnus Hirschfeld co-founded the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee WhK in Berlin and sought social recognition of homosexual and transgender men and women; with branches in several countries, the committee was on a small scale the first international LGBT organization.

The institute was a worldwide pioneer in the call for civil rights and social acceptance for homosexual and transgender people. Hirschfeld coined the word transvestite. In and , with Hirschfeld's and other doctors' help, Dora Richter became the first known trans woman to undergo vaginoplasty , along with removal of the penis following removal of testicles several years earlier , [] and Lili Elbe underwent similar surgeries in Dresden, including an unsuccessful ovary and uterus transplant , complications from which resulted in her death.

In Vladimir Luxuria became the first openly transgender woman elected to the Italian Parliament and the first transgender member of a parliament in Europe. In , the Court of Cassation ruled that sterilization and sex reassignment surgery was not required in order to obtain a legal gender change. In Alex Hai came out as a trans man, becoming the first openly trans gondolier in Venice.

The Soviet Union performed its first sex reassignment surgeries in the s, but since [] —when the government passed a law against "promoting" "non-traditional relations" [] —Russia has become notoriously hostile, [] with trans people facing increasing harassment. Among the Itelmens of Siberia , a third gender category of the koekchuch was recorded in the 18th and 19th centuries, individuals who were assigned male at birth but dressed as women did.

During the Franco era, thousands of trans women and gay men were jailed, and today fight for compensation. Irish-born surgeon James Barry had a long career as a surgeon and rose to the second highest medical office in the British Army , [] improving conditions for wounded soldiers and the inhabitants of Cape Town , South Africa , and performing one of the first caesarean sections in which both the mother and child survived.

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In , the first sex-reassignment phalloplasty was performed in by one British surgeon on another, Harold Gillies on Michael Dillon an earlier phalloplasty was done on a cisgender man in in Russia. In , English model April Ashley was outed as transgender; she is one of the earliest Britons known to have had sex reassignment surgery, and was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire MBE in for promoting trans equality. In , the Gender Recognition Act passed, giving transsexual people legal recognition of their gender before the law subject to certain conditions. In , Georgina Beyer became the first openly trans mayor in the world when Carterton, New Zealand elected her, and in , she became the first transgender member of a parliament, winning election to represent Wairarapa ; in , the former sex worker helped pass the Prostitution Reform Bill decriminalizing sex work.

Some Maori use the terms whakawahine "like a woman" , tangata ira tane "human man" to refer to trans-woman- and trans-man-like categories. In Samoa , the fa'afafine "in the manner of women" are a third gender with uncertain origins which go back at least to the beginning of the twentieth century. In Tonga , the related term fakafefine or more commonly fakaleiti "in the manner of ladies" denotes male-assigned people who dress and work as women and may partner with men, and call themselves simply leiti "ladies". In Fiji, vakasalewalewa also written vaka sa lewa lewa [] are male-assigned people who perform roles usually carried out by women.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the history of transgender people worldwide. For the book by Susan Stryker, see Transgender History book. History of trans peoples and cultures. Gender identities. Health care and medicine. Rights issues. Society and culture. Theory and concepts. By country. See also. See also: Gender roles among the indigenous peoples of North America. Main article: History of transgender people in the United States.

Further information: Transsexuality in Iran. Main article: Transgender in China. Further information: Sexual minorities in Japan. Further information: Kathoey and Gender identities in Thailand. Further information: Homosexuality in ancient Greece and Homosexuality in ancient Rome. Main article: Transgender rights in Australia. Main article: Transgender rights in New Zealand.

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Being With A Trans Guy : Partner's Perspective

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