The city's population grew rapidly during and after World War II, more than doubling between , and , The plan was called " Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night " and called for kamikaze planes filled with fleas infected with plague Yersinia pestis to crash into civilian population centers in the city, hoping to spread plague in the city and effectively kill tens of thousands of civilians. The plan was scheduled to launch on September 22, , but was not carried out because Japan surrendered five weeks earlier. After World War II, the military continued to play a major role in the local economy, but post- Cold War cutbacks took a heavy toll on the local defense and aerospace industries.

The resulting downturn led San Diego leaders to seek to diversify the city's economy by focusing on research and science, as well as tourism. From the start of the 20th century through the s, the American tuna fishing fleet and tuna canning industry were based in San Diego, "the tuna capital of the world".

A large fishing fleet supported the canneries, mostly staffed by immigrant fishermen from Japan , and later from the Portuguese Azores and Italy whose influence is still felt in neighborhoods like Little Italy and Point Loma. Downtown San Diego was in decline in the s and s, but experienced some urban renewal since the early s, including the opening of Horton Plaza , the revival of the Gaslamp Quarter , and the construction of the San Diego Convention Center ; Petco Park opened in The city lies on approximately deep canyons and hills separating its mesas , creating small pockets of natural open space scattered throughout the city and giving it a hilly geography.

The San Diego River runs through the middle of San Diego from east to west, creating a river valley that serves to divide the city into northern and southern segments. During the historic period and presumably earlier as well, the river has shifted its flow back and forth between San Diego Bay and Mission Bay, and its fresh water was the focus of the earliest Spanish explorers. The Cuyamaca Mountains and Laguna Mountains rise to the east of the city, and beyond the mountains are desert areas. Numerous farms are found in the valleys northeast and southeast of the city.

Altogether the city contains more than identified neighborhoods. Balboa Park encompasses several mesas and canyons to the northeast, surrounded by older, dense urban communities including Hillcrest and North Park. To the north lies Mission Valley and Interstate 8. The far northeast portion of the city encompasses Lake Hodges and the San Pasqual Valley , which holds an agricultural preserve.

Carmel Valley and Del Mar Heights occupy the northwest corner of the city. Point Loma occupies the peninsula across San Diego Bay from downtown. A narrow strip of land at the bottom of San Diego Bay connects these southern neighborhoods with the rest of the city. For the most part, San Diego neighborhood boundaries tend to be understood by its residents based on geographical boundaries like canyons and street patterns. San Diego was originally centered on the Old Town district, but by the late s the focus had shifted to the bayfront, in the belief that this new location would increase trade.

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San Diego has one of the top-ten best climates in the United States, according to the Farmers' Almanac [70] and has one of the two best summer climates in the country as scored by The Weather Channel. The climate in San Diego, like most of Southern California, often varies significantly over short geographical distances, resulting in microclimates. In San Diego, this is mostly because of the city's topography the Bay, and the numerous hills, mountains, and canyons. A sign of global warming , the average surface temperature of the water at Scripps Pier in the California Current has increased by almost 3 degrees since , according to scientists at Scripps Institution of Oceanography.

Annual rainfall along the coast averages The months of May through September tend to be almost completely dry. Although there are few wet days per month during the rainy period, rainfall can be heavy when it does fall. The wettest month on record is December with 9. Snow in the city is so rare that it has been observed only six times in the century-and-a-half that records have been kept. In and , snow stayed on the ground for a few hours in higher locations like Point Loma and La Jolla.

The other three occasions, in , , and , involved flurries but no accumulation. Like much of southern California , the majority of San Diego's current area was originally occupied on the west by coastal sage scrub and on the east by chaparral , plant communities made up mostly of drought-resistant shrubs. The chaparral and coastal sage scrub habitats in low elevations along the coast are prone to wildfire , and the rates of fire increased in the 20th century, due primarily to fires starting near the borders of urban and wild areas.

Torrey Pines State Reserve and a coastal strip continuing to the north constitute one of only two locations where the rare species of Torrey Pine, Pinus torreyana , is found. Due to the steep topography that prevents or discourages building, along with some efforts for preservation, there are also a large number of canyons within the city limits that serve as nature preserves, including Switzer Canyon , Tecolote Canyon Natural Park, [90] and Marian Bear Memorial Park in San Clemente Canyon , [91] as well as a number of small parks and preserves.

San Diego County has one of the highest counts of animal and plant species that appear on the endangered list of counties in the United States. San Diego and its backcountry suffer from periodic wildfires. In October , San Diego was the site of the Cedar Fire , at that time the largest wildfire in California over the past century.

The city had a population of 1,, according to the census, distributed over a land area of They, along with the Riverside—San Bernardino , form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area , which had a total population of 3,, at the census. The population density was 3, The racial makeup of San Diego was The ethnic makeup of the city was Median age of Hispanics was In there were , households, out of which Households made up of individuals account for The average household size was 2. The U. Census Bureau reported that in , The economy of San Diego is influenced by its deepwater port , which includes the only major submarine and shipbuilding yards on the West Coast.

San Diego hosts the largest naval fleet in the world: [] In it was home to 53 ships, over tenant commands, and more than 35, sailors, marines, Department of Defense civilian employees and contractors. The city is "home to the majority of the U.

Also, the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors [] for "beer tours" and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November; [] San Diego has been called "America's Craft Beer Capital. The visitor industry provides employment for more than , people. San Diego's cruise ship industry used to be the second-largest in California.

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Numerous cruise lines operate out of San Diego. However, cruise ship business has been in decline since , when the Port hosted over ship calls and more than , passengers. By — the number of ship calls had fallen to Local sight-seeing cruises are offered in San Diego Bay and Mission Bay, as well as whale-watching cruises to observe the migration of gray whales , peaking in mid-January.

San Diego's commercial port and its location on the United States—Mexico border make international trade an important factor in the city's economy. San Diego hosts the busiest international border crossing in the world, in the San Ysidro neighborhood at the San Ysidro Port of Entry. This terminal has facilities for containers , bulk cargo , and refrigerated and frozen storage, so that it can handle the import and export of many commodities. Historically tuna fishing and canning was one of San Diego's major industries, [] and although the American tuna fishing fleet is no longer based in San Diego, seafood companies Bumble Bee Foods and Chicken of the Sea are still headquartered there.

San Diego hosts several major producers of wireless cellular technology. Qualcomm was founded and is headquartered in San Diego, and is one of the largest private-sector employers in San Diego. The University of California, San Diego and other research institutions have helped to fuel the growth of biotechnology. San Diego is also home to more than contract research organizations CROs that provide contract services for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. According to the city's Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, [] the top employers in the city are:.

San Diego has high real estate prices. San Diego home prices peaked in , and then declined along with the national trend. The San Diego metropolitan area had one of the worst housing affordability rankings of all metropolitan areas in the United States in Consequently, San Diego has experienced negative net migration since A significant number of people moved to adjacent Riverside County , commuting daily to jobs in San Diego, while others are leaving the region altogether and moving to more affordable regions.

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The city is governed by a mayor and a nine-member city council. In , its government changed from a council—manager government to a strong mayor government , as decided by a citywide vote in The mayor is in effect the chief executive officer of the city, while the council is the legislative body. The members of the city council are each elected from single-member districts within the city. The mayor and city attorney are elected directly by the voters of the entire city. The mayor, city attorney, and council members are elected to four-year terms, with a two-term limit. In , registered Democrats outnumbered Republicans by about 7 to 6 in the city, [] and Democrats currently as of [update] hold a 6—3 majority in the city council.

The current mayor, Kevin Faulconer , is a Republican. San Diego is the largest city in the United States to have a Republican mayor.

Areas of the city immediately adjacent to San Diego Bay " tidelands " are administered by the Port of San Diego , a quasi-governmental agency which owns all the property in the tidelands and is responsible for its land use planning, policing, and similar functions. Public schools within the city are managed and funded by independent school districts see below.

After narrowly supporting Lyndon B. Johnson in , San Diego provided majorities to all six Republican presidential candidates from to However, in more recent decades, San Diego has trended in favor of Democratic presidential candidates for president.