At the confluence of Petite Riviere and St. Dauversiere hired Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve , then age 30, to lead a group of colonists to build a mission on his new seigneury. The colonists left France in for Quebec and arrived on the island the following year. On May 17, , Ville-Marie was founded on the southern shore of Montreal island, with Maisonneuve as its first governor. The settlement included a chapel and a hospital, under the command of Jeanne Mance. In the spring of , the Iroquois attacks became so frequent and so violent that Ville-Marie thought its end had come. Maisonneuve made all the settlers take refuge in the fort.

By , the colony at Montreal had been so reduced that he was forced to return to France to raise volunteers to go with him to the colony the following year. If the effort had failed, Montreal was to be abandoned and the survivors re-located downriver to Quebec City. Before these arrived in the fall of , the population of Montreal was barely 50 people. By , Ville-Marie was home to some colonists, most of them living in modest wooden houses.

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Ville-Marie became a centre for the fur trade and a base for further exploration. To encourage French settlement, it wanted the Mohawk to move away from the fur trading post at Ville-Marie. It had a mission village, known as Kahnewake , south of the St Lawrence River.

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The fathers persuaded some Mohawk to make a new settlement at their former hunting grounds north of the Ottawa River. This became Kanesatake. All three are now Mohawk reserves in Canada. The colony then surrendered to Great Britain. Ville-Marie was the name for the settlement that appeared in all official documents until , when Montreal appeared for the first time, although people referred to the "Island of Montreal" long before then.

Montgomery was killed in the failed attack and Arnold, who had taken command, sent Brigadier General Moses Hazen to inform Wooster of the defeat. Wooster left Hazen in command on March 20, , as he left to replace Arnold in leading further attacks on Quebec City. On April 19, Arnold arrived in Montreal to take over command from Hazen, who remained as his second-in-command. Forster advanced to Fort Senneville on May By May 24, Arnold was entrenched in Montreal's borough of Lachine.

Arnold's forces then abandoned Lachine to chase Forster. The Americans burned Senneville on May Forster negotiated a prisoner exchange with Henry Sherburne and Isaac Butterfield, resulting in a May 27 boating of their deputy Lieutenant Park being returned to the Americans.

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Arnold eventually withdrew his forces back to the New York fort of Ticonderoga by the summer. On June 15, Arnold's messenger approaching Sorel spotted Carleton returning with a fleet of ships and notified him. Arnold's forces abandoned Montreal attempting to burn it down in the process prior to the June 17 arrival of Carleton's fleet.

The Americans did not return British prisoners in exchange, as previously agreed, due to accusations of abuse, with Congress repudiating the agreement at the protest of George Washington. Arnold blamed Colonel Timothy Bedel for the defeat, removing him and Lieutenant Butterfield from command and sending them to Sorel for court-martial. The retreat of the American army delayed their court martial until August 1, , when they were convicted and cashiered at Ticonderoga. Bedel was given a new commission by Congress in October after Arnold was assigned to defend Rhode Island in July Montreal was incorporated as a city in By , it was the largest municipality in British North America and the undisputed economic and cultural centre of Canada.

A majority of the drinking water was still coming from the city's harbour, which was busy and heavily trafficked, leading to the deterioration of the water within. In the mid s, the City of Montreal installed a water system that would pump water from the St. Lawrence and into cisterns. The cisterns would then be transported to the desired location. This was not the first water system of its type in Montreal, as there had been one in private ownership since The fountainiers would open and close water valves outside of buildings, as directed, all over the city.

As they lacked modern plumbing systems it was impossible to connect all buildings at once and it also acted as a conservation method. However, the population was not finished rising — it rose from 58, in to , by Montreal was the capital of the Province of Canada from to , but lost its status when a Tory mob burnt down the Parliament building to protest the passage of the Rebellion Losses Bill. The reasons were twofold. First, because it was located more in the interior of the Province of Canada, it was less susceptible to attack from the United States.

Second, and perhaps more importantly, because it lay on the border between French and English Canada, Ottawa was seen as a compromise between Montreal, Toronto, Kingston and Quebec City, which were all vying to become the young nation's official capital. See Conscription Crisis of By , Montreal's population had surpassed one million.

Indeed, the volume of stocks traded at the Toronto Stock Exchange had already surpassed that traded at the Montreal Stock Exchange in the s. In time, this development led to the end of the city's economic dominance as businesses moved to other areas. Montreal also held the World's Fair of , better known as Expo The s ushered in a period of wide-ranging social and political changes, stemming largely from the concerns of the French-speaking majority about the conservation of their culture and language, given the traditional predominance of the English Canadian minority in the business arena.

While the event brought the city international prestige and attention, the Olympic Stadium built for the event resulted in massive debt for the city. Montreal was merged with the 27 surrounding municipalities on the Island of Montreal on January 1, , creating a unified city encompassing the entire island.

As expected, this move proved unpopular and several mergers were later rescinded. The demerger took place on January 1, , leaving 15 municipalities on the island, including Montreal. Demerged municipalities remain affiliated with the city through an agglomeration council that collects taxes from them to pay for numerous shared services. Montreal annexed 27 other cities, towns and villages beginning with Hochelaga in , with the last prior to being Pointe-aux-Trembles in Montreal is in the southwest of the province of Quebec.

The port of Montreal lies at one end of the Saint Lawrence Seaway, the river gateway that stretches from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic. Montreal is at the centre of the Montreal Metropolitan Community , and is bordered by the city of Laval to the north; Longueuil , Saint-Lambert , Brossard , and other municipalities to the south; Repentigny to the east and the West Island municipalities to the west. Conversely, cold fronts can bring crisp, drier and windy weather in the early and later parts of summer. However, some winter days rise above freezing, allowing for rain on an average of 4 days in January and February each.

Usually, snow covering some or all bare ground lasts on average from the first or second week of December until the last week of March.

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Spring and fall are pleasantly mild but prone to drastic temperature changes; spring even more so than fall. Early and late season snow storms can occur in November and March, and more rarely in April. Montreal is generally snow free from late April to late October. However, snow can fall in early to mid-October as well as early to mid-May on rare occasions. Before modern weather record keeping which dates back to for McGill , [82] a minimum temperature almost 5 degrees lower was recorded at 7 a.

Thunderstorms are common in the period beginning in late spring through summer to early fall; additionally, tropical storms or their remnants can cause heavy rains and gales. Montreal averages 2, hours of sunshine annually, with summer being the sunniest season, though slightly wetter than the others in terms of total precipitation—mostly from thunderstorms. For over a century and a half, Montreal was the industrial and financial centre of Canada.

There are 50 National Historic Sites of Canada , more than any other city.

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Some of the city's earliest still-standing buildings date back to the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Situated in Lachine, the Le Ber-Le Moyne House is the oldest complete building in the city, built between and In Point St. Charles visitors can see the Maison Saint-Gabriel, which can trace its history back to Montreal's earliest buildings are characterized by their uniquely French influence and grey stone construction.

Though most pavilions were temporary structures, several have become landmarks, including Buckminster Fuller's geodesic dome U. The Montreal Metro has public artwork by some of the biggest names in Quebec culture. It is the set of interconnected shopping complexes both above and below ground. The city is composed of 19 large boroughs , subdivided into neighbourhoods.

Many of these boroughs were independent cities that were forced to be merged with Montreal in January following the Municipal Reorganization of Montreal. The Plateau Mount Royal borough was a working class francophone area.

The McGill Ghetto is in the extreme southwestern portion of the borough, its name being derived from the fact that it is home to thousands of McGill University students and faculty members. The South West borough was home to much of the city's industry during the late 19th and early-to-mid 20th century. The borough included Goose Village and is home to the traditionally working-class Irish neighbourhoods of Griffintown and Point Saint Charles as well as the low-income neighbourhoods of Saint Henri and Little Burgundy.

Architecture and cobbled streets in Old Montreal have been maintained or restored and are frequented by horse-drawn buggies carrying tourists. Old Montreal is accessible from the downtown core via the underground city and is served by several STM bus routes and Metro stations, ferries to the South Shore and a network of bicycle paths. The riverside area adjacent to Old Montreal is known as the Old Port.

The Old Port was the site of the Port of Montreal , but its shipping operations have been moved to a larger site downstream, leaving the former location as a recreational and historical area maintained by Parks Canada. The new Port of Montreal is Canada's largest container port and the largest inland port on Earth. The mountain is the site of Mount Royal Park, one of Montreal's largest greenspaces. The park, most of which is wooded, was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted , who also designed New York's Central Park , and was inaugurated in The park contains two belvederes , the more prominent of which is the Kondiaronk Belvedere, a semicircular plaza with a chalet overlooking Downtown Montreal.

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The park hosts athletic, tourist and cultural activities. The mountain is home to two major cemeteries, Notre-Dame-des-Neiges founded in and Mount Royal Mount Royal Cemetery contains more than , graves and is the final resting place for a number of notable Canadians. It includes a veterans section with several soldiers who were awarded the British Empire 's highest military honour, the Victoria Cross.